Are you planning a renovation? Don’t rush to thoughtlessly purchase the first building materials you see for your work. Experts advise taking the purchase issue seriously. The final result depends on the quality, characteristics, functionality and appearance of the ceiling plinth. Everyone's selection criteria are different. A review of reviews shows that on the shelves of specialized retail outlets there is a huge amount of inexpensive, but high-quality domestic and imported goods, which in terms of characteristics are not inferior to expensive analogues. How to make sure you don’t make a mistake when buying a ceiling plinth? We will try to deal with this issue in our article.
Material of manufacture
One of the key factors in choosing ceiling skirting boards is the material from which they are made. This point has a direct impact on the average price of products. Let us divide the manufactured goods into the following categories. The following structures are installed using glue or sealant:
| Kinds | Description |
| From foam plastic | A distinctive feature of the products is the variety of design solutions and budget cost. Own weight is low. There are a great many varieties: from trivial smooth surfaces to copies of world masterpieces. The negative aspects include excessive fragility. They are difficult to work with, and delivering them to their destination intact is quite problematic. A regular knife or saw is suitable for cutting. Easy to install. If there are heating elements in close proximity, they may lose their original appearance and become deformed. |
| Made from polystyrene foam | The method of manufacturing the product is extrusion. A type of foam. Easy to bend, suitable for decorating ceilings with a large number of internal corners. Does not withstand interaction with chemical components. Painting is possible only with water-based compositions. There are inexpensive products on sale. You should be wary of purchasing them. After a short time, yellowness may appear on the surface. The positive aspects include: • durability; • excellent artistic characteristics; • simplicity in finishing; • resistance to deformation; • resistance to fungi; • high paintability; • excellent hygroscopicity; • variety of shapes and sizes. There are few disadvantages, but they are worth mentioning: • high fragility; • low strength; • possibility of fire; • when interacting with high temperatures, it releases toxic compounds into the atmosphere that are dangerous to human health. The devices are suitable for installation on any walls and ceilings. No professional help required. The work can be done with your own hands. A plaster or adhesive mixture is suitable for fixation. |
| Made from polyurethane | The appearance resembles gypsum stucco. You can decorate your home at an affordable price. Looks unique. Able to hide minor imperfections and cracks at joints. |
There are heavy products on sale that require careful fixation. This category includes:
- Wooden. They cost a lot of money and are classified as environmentally friendly and safe. It looks rich and elegant. Emphasizes the social status and financial condition of household members.
- Plastic. The service life is impressive - at least 25 years. On the market there are textured fillets imitating wood, marble, natural stone and other natural elements. Installation takes place using PVC anchors. A distinctive feature is its smoothness and ease of care. An indispensable accessory for the kitchen.
- Plaster. The price is lower than that of wooden analogues. However, the appearance is no less aristocratic. With its presence it will decorate an elegant interior. Gives you the opportunity to bring to life the most unique design solution. The disadvantages include the high price, significant weight and high fragility, which complicates the installation process.
- Duropolymer. New in this area. The material is impact resistant and high density, so it weighs a lot. Ideal for rooms with high humidity levels. Not afraid of mechanical damage. Easy to clean and does not require careful maintenance.
Based on the shape of the product, the following are produced:
- with patterns;
- smooth and straight.
Products vary in service life. Wooden and plaster borders are considered to be the most durable. They will serve faithfully for a century, without losing their original characteristics. Plastic fillets are designed to last for half a century. The service life of foam plastic and polystyrene is from 10 to 20 years.
The dimensions of borders for suspended ceilings are of great importance. They are available in the following types:
- wide (from 155 to 350 mm);
- medium (from 65 to 150 mm);
- narrow (from 10 to 60 mm).
Polystyrene fillets
In appearance they resemble plaster stucco. Their distinctive features:
- Clearly expressed relief pattern;
- Smooth, matte surface;
- Excellent, presentable appearance;
- Cheapness.
It is worth noting a significant drawback of this type of ceiling plinth - fragility, the strips break easily. When installing, you need to be careful not to allow too much bending, since the frame of the baguette is quite rigid and can crack.
Basic rules for installing baguettes
Even a beginner can master the work of decorating ceilings with fillets. There is nothing complicated about the manipulations. However, to achieve a positive result, experts recommend listening to the following advice:
- It is worth taking care of purchasing special corner parts so as not to spend a lot of time on jewelry work on decorating the corners.
- Installation of borders is carried out on clean, dry, ideally primed ceilings and walls.
- First of all, installation takes place in the area of slopes and corners.
- The glue is applied in a thin layer to the outside of the baseboard. A mounting gun will help with this.
- The border is applied to the surface and pressed tightly for a certain time specified by the manufacturer.
- Excess glue is removed using a clean and soft rag until it hardens.
- After the device is completely fixed, all joints and cracks are treated with white sealant using a mounting gun.
- Do not use silicone-based sealant. It is difficult to paint.
- The final coating begins when the sealant is completely dry.
- As for products made of PVC and wood, they are fastened mechanically. Dowel nails or self-tapping screws can be used for this.
It is worth keeping in mind that corners and chips are adjusted using fine sandpaper.
What difficulties may be encountered during installation work?
Force majeure circumstances can always happen and are often impossible to predict. But the most common options that you definitely need to prepare for are:
- defective material. In the middle of the repair, you may find that the plinth crumbles in your hands or does not bend, although the manufacturer stated that it is plastic. A wooden baguette may turn out to be rotten and break in your hands (yes, this happens to us too!). To avoid this, first, choose your store carefully. Look for reviews on the Internet, look for history, don’t trust promotions and discounts like two skirting boards for the price of one, and so on.
- Falling molding. This only happens with products made from heavy materials - gypsum and some types of wood. But, of course, the glue/putty may also be of poor quality, so you should not rely only on the time the molding is pressed against the wall. When you wait, don't let go right away, release the pressure first and see how he behaves. After some time, after it dries, try to shake it a little, don’t be afraid if you shake it - it will fall sooner or later, so feel free to redo it.
- Sometimes it happens that the design looks good on paper, but when most of the work has already been done, it becomes clear that, in general, the color or shape of the skirting boards does not combine with the wallpaper as desired, and you have to redo everything again , which can be especially offensive if a lot has already been done. To avoid this, you should think carefully about everything, and it is better to use computer modeling, which until recently was inaccessible to ordinary people, but now almost every schoolchild skillfully uses it. Having made a 3D model of your room, you will see all the details and little things that are invisible when planning on paper.
Rules for choosing suitable building materials
Ceiling molding makes the room aesthetically pleasing and complete, emphasizes style and hides minor flaws during renovations. The variety of models is impressive. You cannot make mistakes when choosing. Otherwise, you can nullify all efforts to put your home in order. Experts recommend not to discount such nuances.
Surface texture and shape
Manufacturers produce products with ridges and grooves, smooth, carved, in the form of a ladder, with stucco or complex reliefs. There are all kinds of imitations of wood, marble, and so on. The shape is selected based on the chosen room style and parameters. Modern design involves simple forms. They are universal and do not require careful care. Dirt and dust can be easily removed with a damp cloth. Huge halls and living rooms prefer pomp and pretentiousness. Luxurious borders with curls are used for decoration. Patina and gilding will come in handy.
Color solution
Advice in this matter is not always appropriate. Much depends on the individual vision. The style of the interior and the dimensions of the room are of great importance. There are several options for choosing shades. One of them is for wallpaper. The right tone will make the room much larger. If there are several shades or patterns on the walls, the main color is chosen.
The second option is to match the color of the ceiling. If the standard option is a white ceiling, then the frieze does not need to be painted, since its main color is white. In this case, the curb and ceiling will look like one whole. The room will become visually taller and longer. Ideal for kitchens, toilets and bathrooms, narrow corridors.
The third option is for a decorative element. This could be a window frame, a doorway, a floor, large pieces of furniture, and so on. The reception is interesting and unusual. Moldings that stand out in shade against the background of the main surfaces look attractive and catch the eye. Therefore, there should be no errors when installing them. Wooden products are ideally combined with furniture made from natural solid wood.
A unique design solution is the contrast of shades. This is an original and bold approach from specialists in this field. The color of the fillets does not match the ceiling, wallpaper, or floor covering. The only caveat is that there should not be more than two or three primary colors in the room. A dark border will make the room feel cramped.
Material of manufacture
This parameter plays a major role when choosing a product. This is especially true for suspended ceilings, where fastening is intended only to the wall. Therefore, preference should be given to products made of polystyrene foam and PVC. Plaster and wood may not support their own weight and fall.
The vertical part of the product is also important. It should be wide enough to increase the area of contact with the wall. This is the only way to make the fastening reliable and durable.
A painted or plastered ceiling is rarely perfectly level. Therefore, the material is chosen flexible so that it fits tightly to the surface. The best option is polyurethane foam. You can use gypsum analogues. Just fill the cracks properly.
If it is necessary to frame the ceiling of the kitchen, toilet and bathroom, then a material is selected that has an increased indicator of moisture resistance and water resistance. If the choice fell on polystyrene foam or plaster, then they must be coated with water-based paint. Wooden structures should be treated with impregnation.
Care is also important. Ornaments, recesses, and patterns complicate the process of putting products in order. Another thing is a smooth surface. To make cleaning quick, easy and fruitful, you should give preference to the simplest molding.
Design parameters
All manufactured products are 2 meters long. The width varies from 10 to 200 mm. You can find products from foreign manufacturers with a width of up to 350 mm. To determine the number of cornices, it is necessary to measure the perimeter of the room. The value is divided by 2 (the length of each product). The result must be rounded up. You can purchase another border just in case the product becomes deformed or damaged during the manipulation process.
Unusual design solutions
Skirting not only makes the decoration of the premises complete. It also hides minor errors. But its functionality does not end there. A baguette can make a room beautiful and original. Special designs with a slot for LED strip will help with this. The LED strip acts as additional lighting.
Along with white, you can find green, gold, brown, beige, blue, green, glossy, and black models on sale. If you get tired of the shade, you can change it to another at any time using water-based paint.
Tree
Wooden finishing can make a room more exclusive and create a special, noble atmosphere in it. But this material is not as popular as the previous ones, mainly due to the fact that the cost of its varieties can vary tens of times, and mainly expensive species are used as finishing materials. After all, wood, despite its sophistication, environmental friendliness and good noise and heat insulation properties, has a significant drawback - it is afraid of water. When moisture is absorbed into its fibers, they swell and, losing their elasticity, begin to sag, and in addition, microscopic parasites infest them, due to which the tree begins to rot. Therefore, this type of material is only suitable for finishing dry rooms, but the problem with wood is that such living spaces simply do not exist. Any house has a kitchen, a restroom, we all open the vents and windows, so the humidity will be maintained in any case.
Where can you find a dry room in which the wood will not decompose? These can be offices, all kinds of work spaces where people are temporarily, or the house must be large enough so that one or more rooms can be allocated for an office in which its own microclimate will be created. That is why finishing from noble wood species can only be found at work and in the homes of rich people.
Flaws
Wood is not plastic, so it is not used when cladding non-linear rooms. Although there are flexible species, such as Keruing, Ceiba or Parika, they are not considered noble, so there is no point in making ceiling plinths from them.
In addition, wood, although durable, is vulnerable to scratches, which can easily be caused during work and are very difficult to hide later.
Rating of high-quality polyurethane ceiling skirting boards
This category of goods is considered the most popular in the domestic market. The average price is appropriate. Undeniable advantages of the material:
- surface ready for painting;
- a wide range of;
- environmental friendliness;
- popular models with ornaments and patterns;
- flexible analogues;
- ease of installation;
- undemanding in subsequent care.
It is in high demand among architects and designers due to the availability of flexible analogues and a wide range of finished products.
DP 42 Decomaster
High quality polyurethane is used to make this popular model. Dimensions declared by the manufacturer: 172x175x1280 mm. The density coefficient is high. An ornament is used as a decorative element. The surface is ready for subsequent painting. One of the best solutions made in the Middle Kingdom.
You can purchase the design at a price of 3120 rubles.
skirting board DP 42 Decomaster
Advantages:
- wide scope of application;
- stylish appearance;
- Do-it-yourself cutting and installation is allowed;
- surface ready for painting;
- numerous positive reviews.
Flaws:
- high price.
1.50.180 Europlast stucco
High-strength polyurethane is used to make this structure. Declared dimensions: 2000x94x120 mm. The product has a classic shape and is not equipped with any decorative elements. The surface is white and ready for subsequent painting. The model is not suitable for assembling a structure with lighting. It is this type of plinth that is best to buy for a room decorated in a classic style.
How much does the new product cost? The purchase will cost 1914 rubles.
plinth 1.50.180 Europlast stucco
Advantages:
- can be ordered online through the company’s online store;
- classic design;
- copes well with the designated functions;
- wide scope of use;
- installation at home is done by hand.
Flaws:
- not identified.
NMC O24
Before choosing this model, you should pay attention to the fact that it is not suitable for subsequent installation of lighting under the ceiling. White polyurethane is used for production. The surface is ready for subsequent painting. The shape is classic. There are no auxiliary decorative elements. Based on the description provided by the manufacturer, product dimensions: 40x20x1600 mm.
Average price – 1729 rubles.
skirting board NMC O24
Advantages:
- multifunctionality;
- quality of material;
- step-by-step instructions are included in the package;
- classical performance;
- ease of installation.
Flaws:
- not identified.
Orac Decor CB531
This inexpensive model can be used in conjunction with suspended ceilings, despite the budget cost. The product looks stylish regardless of the chosen style of the room. Declared dimensions: 2000x26x48 mm. The material is durable and will not crumble during the cutting or gluing process. The product from one of the best manufacturers has earned numerous positive reviews online.
Cost – 153 rubles.
plinth Orac Decor CB531
Advantages:
- the surface is ready for subsequent painting;
- one of the best manufacturing companies;
- classic form factor;
- suitable for working with suspended ceilings;
- affordable price.
Flaws:
- not identified.
K023 Cosca
This external structure is made in a classic style and has no auxiliary decorative elements. Surface color – white. Suitable for subsequent painting. Can be used both on the ceiling and floor. Declared dimensions: 2000x24x39 mm.
Average price – 96 rubles.
plinth K023 Cosca
Advantages:
- figured surface;
- durable material;
- versatility;
- numerous positive reviews;
- Excellent value for money and quality;
- multifunctionality.
Flaws:
- not identified.
Polyurethane
Flexible and durable polymer, absolutely resistant to water. Due to its natural hydrophobicity, it is often used in the decoration of wet rooms - bathrooms and toilets, kitchens, swimming pools. In industry, it is mainly used as a substitute for rubber in conditions for which the latter is not intended - in aggressive salty, acidic or alkaline environments. A distinctive feature of this material is its long service life, which is ensured by high wear resistance.
It is widely used in almost all areas of industry; it is used to make protective coatings, paints, adhesives, machine parts, dielectrics, implants, shoe soles, car tires and much more.
Another advantage of the material is its high strength range, which is ensured by the ability of the polymer to change its properties due to variations in the parameters of the molecular chain. In other words, there are different types of polyurethanes - flexible, medium and rigid, making them suitable for rooms of any geometry.
The price is superior to previous materials.
Rating of high-quality duropolymer ceiling plinths
Similar structures made from duropolymer are new in the world of building materials. Advantages of using duropolymer ceiling skirting boards:
- the surface can be painted (no auxiliary manipulations are required);
- the material does not absorb foreign odors;
- no shrinkage is observed over time;
- the material belongs to the category of shockproof;
- anti-vandal type structures;
- moisture-resistant structure;
- After years, the structure will not crack or dry out.
Every year the demand for them increases, unlike polystyrene foam. This is due to its affordable cost and excellent characteristics. In terms of practicality, the material is not much inferior to polyurethane analogues.
WT22 NMC
This incredibly stylish model is in high demand among domestic consumers, largely due to its classic form factor. It is based on the use of duropolist, a material with an increased strength coefficient. According to buyers, the cost is justified due to the unlimited service life and ease of installation. Stated dimensions: 200x10.5x22 cm.
The average price of a new product is 2,645 rubles.
plinth WT22 NMC
Advantages:
- unlimited service life;
- classic form factor;
- ease of installation;
- increased strength and wear resistance;
- numerous positive reviews.
Flaws:
- not identified.
ORAC AXXENT CX107
This ceiling cornice is produced by the ORAC DECOR brand, which enjoys well-deserved respect among European consumers. The company is the unofficial world leader in the production of decorative stucco. It is based on the use of high-strength duropolymer. Stated dimensions: 200x12x12 cm.
How much does the design cost? The purchase will cost 1667 rubles.
skirting board ORAC AXXENT CX107
Advantages:
- increased strength coefficient;
- Excellent value for money and quality;
- wear-resistant coating;
- unlimited service life;
- numerous positive reviews.
Flaws:
- not identified.
6.50.229 Europlast
This model is characterized by its stylish design. It will be an excellent addition to a room designed in a classic style. The profile of the structure is smooth. The coating is white, wear-resistant. High-strength duropolymer is used for manufacturing. Stated dimensions: 200x12x4.8 cm.
Cost – 1129 rubles.
plinth 6.50.229 Europlast
Advantages:
- unlimited service life;
- stylish appearance;
- practical covering;
- increased strength;
- ease of installation.
Flaws:
- not identified.
KX024 Cosca
This model is in deserved demand among European consumers, largely due to the possibility of using the design in combination with lighting. A high-tech new product, for the manufacture of which high-strength and wear-resistant duropolymer is used. It is based on the use of a number of plasticizers and auxiliary additives that are classified as environmentally friendly. Stated dimensions: 200x5.5x5 cm.
The average price of a new product is 837 rubles.
skirting board KX024 Cosca
Advantages:
- Excellent value for money and quality;
- wear resistance;
- increased service life;
- stylish appearance;
- Possibility of installing backlight.
Flaws:
- not identified.
Decor Dizayn DD615
This design is made in classic white color and can be used in combination with suspended ceilings. Due to the high quality of workmanship, the surface of the product can be covered with paint of any color. For production, high-quality duropolymer is used, characterized by an increased coefficient of strength and wear resistance. To avoid mistakes when choosing, you should pay attention to the dimensions of the product: 80x25x2000 mm. Produced in Russia.
Cost – 821 rub.
plinth Decor Dizayn DD615
Advantages:
- quality of material;
- wear resistance;
- practicality;
- unlimited service life;
- multifunctionality.
Flaws:
- not identified.
Choosing a color
Having figured out the material of the baguette and its dimensions, you can gradually move on to the color scheme. How do you want your ceiling plinth to look - classic white or defiant black? Bright or neutral? Let's consider what you need to rely on when choosing a color.
- White color visually distances, that is, if you install white moldings, the corner will seem further away, and the room, accordingly, will be larger. This is especially true for small premises such as Khrushchev, and is not suitable for those where it is too spacious.
- Blue. Like white, it has the property of distancing, but since the color is cold, it is not suitable for living rooms and living rooms, at most only for the kitchen. It is best to install blue baguettes in the bathroom and toilet.
- Dark colors, especially if they are in harmony with the wallpaper (that is, the same color), will visually bring the corner closer to you, so the room will seem smaller. It makes sense to install in large rooms.
- Dark tones that contrast with the wallpaper, although they will “eat up” the space a little, will look very nice, just don’t forget that they should be in harmony with some other interior details, possibly furniture.
- Remember the three color rule. Psychologists have noticed that a person feels optimally in a room that is painted in two, maximum, three colors, because in this case perception does not scatter, and the mind comes into harmony. In this case, the main color should account for 60% of the area of the room, and the secondary color should be 40, or 25 and 15, if there are 2 secondary colors.
Rating of high-quality polystyrene ceiling skirting boards
Ceiling skirting boards can be made of polystyrene. The products are in high demand due to their affordable prices. A low cost range is also typical for gypsum, PVC, and foam structures. They are characterized by an insignificant coefficient of strength and wear resistance. Advantages of using polystyrene ceiling skirting boards:
- affordable price;
- after years of use, the structure will not crack or crumble;
- light weight;
- the surface can be painted in any color;
- used in the process of installing suspended ceilings.
Based on numerous photos on the Internet, their surface is easily damaged during the installation process, but there are exceptions.
NMC WO1 2 m, white
This design will be an excellent addition to rooms designed in a classic style. An excellent decorative element that does not catch the eye and copes with the assigned tasks perfectly. The model is made in a modern style. It is based on the use of extruded polystyrene foam. Suitable for making decorative elements. Declared dimensions: 2000x38x18x40 mm. Made in white. Produced in Belgium.
How much does the product cost? The purchase will cost 328 rubles.
skirting board NMC WO1 2 m, white
Advantages:
- light weight;
- moisture resistance;
- multifunctionality;
- strength;
- the surface can be painted;
- affordable price.
Flaws:
- not identified.
Cosca Vienna Woods SPB016767 2.5 m, light oak
This type of plinth belongs to the injection category. Made in classic style. High-quality polystyrene is used for production. The structure is painted to resemble wood, due to which it can be used not only to decorate the ceiling, but also floors, as well as paintings. The material belongs to the moisture-resistant category, due to which the molding can be installed in a room with a high level of humidity. Declared dimensions: 2500x60x42x60 mm. The surface is painted light oak. Produced in South Korea.
Cost – 321 rub.
plinth Cosca Viennese forest SPB016767 2.5 m, light oak
Advantages:
- low maintenance requirements;
- ease of installation;
- light weight;
- stylish appearance;
- multifunctionality.
Flaws:
- not identified.
NMC D 131-150 2 m, white
This design belongs to the injection category. For its production, polystyrene foam is used, which is poured into special molds. It can be used not only as a ceiling plinth, but also as an independent (homemade) decorative element. Stucco molding is used as a decorative element. The shape of the product is classic. White color. The structure can be painted in any color if necessary. Declared dimensions: 2000x110x100x150 mm. The weight of one element is 337 g. It is produced in Russia.
Average price – 246 rubles.
skirting board NMC D 131-150 2 m, white
Advantages:
- multifunctionality;
- can be purchased in the company’s online store;
- stylish appearance;
- numerous positive reviews;
- affordable price;
- light weight.
Flaws:
- not identified.
Format DISN-207503-WH-0045 2 m, white
This model is made in a classic style and will be an excellent addition to the existing interior. It is based on the use of injection polystyrene foam, which has excellent characteristics. The surface of the product is smooth and can be easily painted if necessary. Characterized by practicality. It does not draw attention to itself, while coping well with the designated functions. If you have step-by-step instructions, the installation process will not take much time. The product is painted white. Declared dimensions: 2000x33x68x75 mm. A relief pattern is used as a decorative element. Produced in Russia.
Cost – 132 rubles.
plinth Format DISN-207503-WH-0045 2 m, white
Advantages:
- can be used for installing stretch ceilings;
- light weight;
- the surface can be painted;
- moisture resistance;
- practicality;
- multifunctionality.
Flaws:
- not identified.
DecorEK D 120-70 2 m, white
This ceiling plinth is produced in Russia. The company enjoys well-deserved respect from its compatriots. For the manufacture of the structure, special molds are used that guarantee perfect symmetry of the individual elements. It is based on the use of injection polystyrene foam. The model is made in a classic style. A relief pattern is used as decorative elements, which does not catch the eye and does not distract from other decorative elements in the room. Declared dimensions: 2000x50x50x70 mm. Can be used as a separate decorative element. The coating is white. The product is not recommended to be painted. Element weight – 62 g.
Average price – 73 rubles.
plinth DecorEK D 120-70 2 m, white
Advantages:
- light weight;
- Smooth surface;
- multifunctionality;
- stylish execution;
- affordable price.
Flaws:
- not identified.
Polyvinyl chloride
It accounts for almost 70 percent of all polymers in modern industry. PVC is used to make insulation for wires, plastic pipes, films for suspended ceilings, linoleums, furniture, window profiles, and so on. Artificial leather, by the way, is also made from it. This transparent, colorless polymer stands out among others for its inertness to aggressive substances, due to which it is often used in the chemical industry. The advantage is its low flammability, thanks to which PVC can be called an ideal option for wooden and fire-hazardous buildings. Also provides good thermal insulation. The price of PVC is low - it is accessible to almost everyone.
Flaws
PVC is afraid of light, since ultraviolet radiation causes it to lose strength and flexibility, as a result of which your curtain rod may simply fall off, or, if you have it installed in a semicircle, straighten out. To avoid this, they try to either limit exposure of the product to sunlight, or add a special substance to the PVC, which limits the density of destructive processes only to the surface layer. Thus, only the thin top layer of material will deteriorate (it will not change color much), and the process will not go deeper into the PVC.
The PVC plinth is not only a decoration, but also a profile on which the lining will be installed in the future. It is best to attach the molding with screws or mounting brackets.
Plaster stucco
Plaster stucco is popular in homes where the overall interior style is, for example, in an unusual, Victorian or Gothic style, which implies an abundance of ornate alabaster decorations.
It is worth noting that gypsum is afraid of moisture. Therefore, the room must be dry, there should be no temperature difference, which provokes the appearance of dampness and spoils the magnificent stucco on the ceiling.
