GOST R 51691-2000 Paint and varnish materials. Enamels. General technical conditions

PF-115 enamel is one of the most popular paint and varnish materials used during construction or repair. Due to the fact that the paint is weather-resistant, it is used for interior and exterior work - doors, walls inside and outside buildings, gazebos, benches, etc. are painted. The paint and varnish material forms a film on the surface, so it is not afraid of moisture. Thanks to this property, enamel serves as good protection for wooden and metal parts from corrosion and decay, as well as from the penetration of fungi or insects. In addition, it is resistant to ultraviolet radiation, so it does not fade or fade in the sun for a long time.

Consumption and application

Pentaphthalic enamel is intended for painting surfaces made of wood, metal, brick, cement and concrete that are exposed to atmospheric influences.
It is also widely applicable for interior decoration of residential and public buildings. The work of PF-115 on metal requires preliminary priming. This will ensure the tightness of the coating, reducing the effect of water and oxygen on the metal, and as a result, the absence of rust formation.

Consumption rate

PF-115 paint per 1 m2 is about 80-100 g. This figure largely depends on the structure and material of the surface, and the method of application. The minimum consumption is achieved when using a roller or brush, the maximum - when using pneumatic spraying.

The density of PF-115 paint varies between 0.9-1.3 g/cm3. The lower this indicator, the thicker the paint, the better the hiding power and the stronger the formed film. But thick paint is more difficult to apply to the surface, so it can be slightly diluted with solvent or white spirit until it is in working condition.

To correctly determine how long PF-115 paint dries

, it is worth considering the type of finishing material and color. All enamels (made according to GOST 6465-76) of the first and highest grade dry to degree 3* at 20 °C for 24 hours, except for red and cherry first grade (48 hours).

*According to laboratory tests, "Grade 3" is when a sheet of paper does not stick to a painted surface when pressed with a 200g weight for 60 seconds.

After the final polymerization of the film (after 6 weeks), the enamel becomes the same coating that is characterized by high hardness, elasticity, impact resistance and stability. Two-layer application of enamel allows you to obtain a dense coating that retains its protective and decorative properties for several years. If the surface is properly prepared and the application technology is followed, the service life of the enamel coating can be about 5 years.

Silicone enamels and paints

Below are the most important brands of enamels and primers used for painting cars. Among them, the leading place is occupied by melamine-alkyd coating enamels for passenger cars - ML-197, ML-1110, ML-12 and ML-1121 (for painting bodies and parts), ML-152 and ML-1195 (for repair painting of cars). Of these enamels, the greatest resistance to atmospheric

conditions in temperate, northern and tropical climates are characterized by complex coatings with ML-197, AlJl-1110 and ML-12 enamels. ML-197 enamel is cured* at 105 °C, and ML-SHO enamels etc. ML-12 - at 130-135 °C. The advantages of ML-1110 enamel include the very high water, oil and petrol resistance of the coating.

White enamel ML-1121 is characterized by very high weather resistance in temperate climates and retains its protective and decorative properties for 5 years.

To date, black nitro enamel of the NTs-11 brand has been successfully used for painting high-end passenger cars. For painting parts of passenger cars, heat-resistant silicone enamel KO-828 of silver color, alkyd chlorine rubber black enamel KCh-190, alkyd urea-formaldehyde enamel MCh-123 black (for painting wheels, frames and radiators) are used.

Alkyd enamels are mainly used for painting cabs, parts and platforms of trucks - pentaphthalic PF-1147, glyphthalic GF-1147, enamel MCh-145 and water-borne enamel V-FL-1199.

alkyd styrene enamel MS-17 , cured in 30 minutes at 18-22 °C, is produced in three colors and is used for the following purposes: light gray - for painting engines and car parts; black - for painting frames, chassis components and other car parts; sand - for painting parts of upholstery cardboard.

Diphthalic enamel GF-571 is used when painting passenger cars as a tint to level the surface before applying topcoat enamels ML-1110 and others.

For priming car bodies and parts of passenger cars under coating enamels ML-1110, ML-197 and ML-1121, epoxy ester primer EF-083, glyphthalic primer GF-017, GF-018, GF-073 and GF-089, as well as those applied by electrodeposition are used and other water-borne primers (PF-033, FL-093, V-ML-0143, V-EF-0153), which are described in the section “Water-borne paints and varnishes” (see p. 181). Information on the composition, production and use of paints and varnishes for cars is given below.

Enamel KO-828 is a suspension of aluminum powder in a solution of organosilicon varnish KO-08, which is a solution of polymethylphenylsiloxane resin in toluene.

After drying, the enamel forms a smooth silver-colored coating, which must be characterized by the following indicators (guaranteed by the manufacturer): resistance of the film to the action of wet vapors (in a hydrostat) - at least 150 hours, resistance to salt fog (5% NaCl solution) at 35 °C - no less than 96 hours, resistance to alternating effects of heat at 4000C and water at 18-22 0C - no less than 5 cycles.

The enamel has high heat resistance (400 0C), as well as good dielectric properties: the specific volumetric electrical resistance of the film at 200C-MO8 is - 5 - 10e Ohm-cm. Other enamel indicators are presented in table. 2.20.

The main purpose of the enamel is to paint passenger car parts (made of 08KP steel) on phosphated and non-phosphated surfaces. Enamel has a tendency to sediment; enamel sedimentation after 24 hours should not exceed 12%.

After thorough stirring, the enamel is applied to the surface with a paint sprayer, having previously diluted it with a solvent to a working viscosity of 12-13 s according to VZ-4 at 20 ° C. Enamel can also be applied by spraying in an electrostatic field. The guaranteed shelf life of the enamel is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel KCh-190 is a suspension of carbon black and filler in a mixture of solutions of modified alkyd resin and chlorinated rubber. Enamel is used for painting parts of passenger cars - stabilizer bars and drive levers for rear brake regulators, front suspension springs.

The enamel has good adhesion and dries at 18-22 0C for 40 minutes. The tensile strength of the enamel film is at least 6 mm on the “E” device. After drying, the enamel forms a black semi-gloss coating that is resistant to moisture in a hydrostat for 150 hours, salt fog (in a chamber) for 96 hours, and low temperatures (up to -400C) for 24 hours.

The enamel is applied to cleaned and degreased car parts in two layers by dipping after diluting with xylene to a working viscosity of 23-29 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. The guaranteed shelf life of enamels is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel ML-12 is a suspension of pigments in solutions of melamine-formaldehyde and alkyd resins in organic solvents. Enamels are produced in more than 50 colors.

The production of enamels comes down to the production of pigment pastes, mixing them with semi-finished varnishes, typing, filtering and packaging the resulting enamels. Semi-finished varnishes ML-040 and ML-0136, which are part of the enamels, are mixtures of a solution of melamine-formaldegnate resin K-421—

The preparation of pigment pastes includes the stages of preparing the batch and its subsequent dispersion. In kneading machines or dissolvers, single-pigment or sub-tinting batches are prepared by mixing pigments with semi-finished varnishes. Single-pigment and multi-pigment pastes, as well as tinting pastes, are produced by dispersing batches on paint rubbing machines or bead mills.

The composition of enamels and their typing are carried out in mixers with an anchor or propeller stirrer, into which semi-finished varnishes are pumped from measuring cups, and then pigment pastes are loaded. Pastes made on bead mills are fed by pumps, and pastes ground on paint grinding machines are loaded manually (or using a hoist). After loading and mixing all components, the enamel is classified according to color, viscosity and other indicators.

After typing, the enamel obtained in the mixer is cleaned in an ISA centrifuge (or another type) and, if the degree of grinding, viscosity and color meets the requirements of the specifications, it is poured into a container through a dosing cutter. In case of insufficient cleaning, the enamel is pumped to a Cuyo filter with a certain cartridge porosity and, upon reaching the required degree of grinding (no more than 10 microns along the wedge), it is packaged into containers using a filling machine.

The density of enamels is 1000-1200 kg/m3. They are distinguished by their bright color, high gloss and degree of dispersion (10 microns). Resistance of coatings to temperature changes from -60 to +600C - no less than 15 cycles, to wet irradiation - no less than 6 hours. The specific volumetric electrical resistance of enamel with a viscosity of 18-22 s according to VZ-4 is 5•1O5 - 1•1O8 Ohm -cm. The enamel coating can be sanded and polished well. Other properties of ML-12 enamels are given in table. 2.20.

The coating, consisting of two layers of ML-12 enamel applied to a phosphated and primed surface, is stable in temperate, northern and tropical climates, retains protective properties for 3 years, and decorative properties for 1.5 years.

Enamels are used for painting pre-primed or primed and putty surfaces of cars, buses and various industrial products used in atmospheric conditions and indoors. Enamels are applied to the painted surface by spraying in an electrostatic field or by pneumatic spraying (paint spray). To paint products in an electrostatic field, enamels are diluted with RE-1V or RE-2V thinners to a working viscosity of 18-22 s according to VZ-4 at 20 0C.

When painting with a spray paint, the enamels are diluted to a working viscosity of 24-32 s according to VZ-4 with solvent R-198 or solvent. Enamels for household purposes are diluted with solvent 647. The guaranteed shelf life of enamels is 12 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel ML-152 is a suspension of pigments in a mixture of solutions of melamine-formaldehyde and alkyd resins. Available in more than 30 colors.

The technological process for the production of ML-152 enamels comes down to the production of pigment pastes by dispersing batches on paint grinding machines and bead mills, the composition of enamels and their typing in mixers and subsequent filtration on ISA type centrifuges or on a single-roll paint grinding machine with a grinding bar.

Enamels form high-gloss coatings (film gloss of at least 60%), which are resistant to temperature changes from -60 to +50 °C for at least 15 cycles, and resistant to wet irradiation (conditional light fastness) for at least 6 hours.

Unlike ML-12 enamels, which dry at 130-135°C in 35 minutes, ML-152 enamels dry completely at 85-90°C in 1 hour, and at 1000°C in 35 minutes. The reduced drying temperature allows enamels to be widely used for repair work. Hand-held medical reflectors can be used for drying. The coating does not change its original color during the drying process. The properties of enamels are given in table. 2.20.

Enamels are intended for painting pre-primed metal products used in atmospheric conditions, as well as for repair painting of cars. Metal surfaces of cars and other products are pre-primed with FL-OZK or another primer, then covered with two layers of ML-152 enamel. The protective properties of such a coating in a temperate climate last for at least 3 years, and in cold and humid tropical climates - for less than 2 years.

When painting products in an electrostatic field, the enamels are first diluted to working viscosity with RE-1V or RE-2V thinners, and when painting with a paint sprayer - to a viscosity of 20-23 s according to VZ-4 with a solvent or a mixture of Xnlol and butyl alcohol in a ratio of 9:1. The guaranteed shelf life of enamels is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel ML-197 is a suspension of pigments in a mixture of solutions of melamine-foomaldehyde and alkyd resins. The enamels include semi-finished varnishes ML-078 and ML-079, which are mixtures of solutions in a solvent or a mixture of solvents of melamine-formaldehyde resin with alkyd resin FK-42v (varnish ML-078) or with alkyd resin Fsin-34 (varnish ML-079 ). Resin K-423-02 is a solution of low-butanolyzed melamine-formaldehyde resin in butyl alcohol. This resin is introduced to reduce the drying temperature of the coating (up to 105 ± 2 0C).

Pigment pastes are produced on paint grinding machines and bead mills. The composition of enamels and their typing are carried out in a mixer: titanium dioxide paste and about 90% of the calculated amount of semi-finished varnishes and resins are loaded and, after stirring, the typing of the enamel is started. First, the color is adjusted by introducing tinting pastes, and then the missing amount of film-forming components is added and typing is carried out by viscosity, drying time and appearance.

Enamels are cleaned using ISA-type centrifuges and additionally passed through a multilayer filter made of gauze with cotton wool and a Cunot filter.

The coatings formed by enamels are resistant to temperature changes, to ultraviolet irradiation for at least 4 hours and are characterized by high tropical resistance. The specific volumetric electrical resistance of the enamel at working viscosity is 8*106-1•1O8 Ohm*cm, the tensile strength of the film is at least 6 mm (according to the “E” device), the conditional light fastness of the film is at least 4 hours.

The main purpose of enamel is to paint pre-primed and putty surfaces of car bodies and parts of passenger cars. Coatings consisting of two layers of MP-197 enamel. applied to a phosphated surface primed with primer type FL-093 and primer EF-083, retain protective and decorative properties for at least 3 years when used in temperate, northern and tropical climates.

When applied by spraying in an electrostatic field, the enamels are pre-diluted with RE-1V or RE-2V thinners, and when applied with a paint sprayer, with P-197 thinner to a working viscosity of 20-22 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. The guaranteed shelf life of enamels is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel ML-1110 is a suspension of pigments in solutions of melamine-formaldehyde and alkyd resins. Available in various colors. The enamels contain semi-finished varnishes ML-0159 and ML-031 as film-forming substances with the addition of varnish GF-050 and resin K-421-02, and the pigment part includes ruthless titanium dioxide, light-resistant colored inorganic and organic pigments. The technological process for manufacturing ML-1110 enamels is basically similar to the production process for ML-12 and ML-197 enamels.

ML-1110 enamels form coatings that are more resistant to water and gasoline than ML-197 enamels, but they cure at a higher temperature (at 130-135 0C).

A coating consisting of two layers of ML-1110 enamel applied to a surface phosphated and primed with EF-083 (or FL-093) or GF-571 enamel retains protective and decorative properties when used in temperate, northern and tropical climates. at least 3 years. The coatings are sanded and polished well.

The main purpose of enamels is to paint the body and other parts of passenger cars. Enamels are applied to the surface by spraying in an electrostatic field and by pneumatic spraying. Before painting in an electrostatic field, the enamels are diluted to a working viscosity of 18-22 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C with RE-1V thinner. Before application using a paint sprayer, the enamels are diluted with solvent P-198 to a working viscosity of 24-28 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. The guaranteed shelf life of enamels is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel ML-1121 is a suspension of titanium dioxide of rutile form in a mixture of solutions of melamine-formaldehyde and white alkyd resins. Enamel is usually made using bead mills.

The density of enamel is 1100 kg/m3, and the density of enamel films is 1500 kg/m3. After drying at 130 °C, the enamel forms a high-gloss coating (gloss - at least 65%), characterized by high resistance to water and mineral oil (see Table 2.20), resistance to wet irradiation - at least 6 hours, to heating at 130 0C - at least 1 hour, and at 160 °C - less than 0.5 hours. The specific volumetric electrical resistance of enamel is 5- 106

— 5*1O8 Ohm-cm. The enamel coating can be sanded and polished well.

ML-1121 enamel is used for painting the body and parts of passenger cars, as well as metal surfaces of other products that are used for a long time in atmospheric conditions.

The coating, consisting of two layers of enamel applied to a metal surface phosphated and primed with primer FL-093 or EF-083, retains protective and decorative properties in a temperate climate for at least 5 years.

Before application with a paint sprayer, the enamel is diluted with solvent R-198 to a working viscosity of 20-22 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. The guaranteed shelf life of the enamel is 6 months, as of production.

Enamel ML-1195 is a suspension of pigment in a mixture of alkyd and melamine-formaldehyde resins. After hot drying at 800C for 30 minutes, the enamel forms a high-gloss, weather-resistant coating. They produce 15 single-pigment enamels of various colors.

The main purpose of enamels is repair painting at service stations for car bodies and parts of passenger cars. Enamels of the required colors are pre-composed on site from single-pigment enamels ML-1195 and applied to the prepared surfaces with a paint sprayer. Before application, dilute with solvent R-198 or solvent to a working viscosity of 18-23 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C.

Coatings consisting of two layers of enamel applied to primed surfaces are capable of maintaining protective and decorative properties in northern and temperate climates for at least 3 years. The guaranteed shelf life of enamels is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel ML-1196 is a suspension of pigment in a solution of melamine-formaldehyde and alkyd resins with the introduction of additives. Available in black. Enamel is produced by dispersing carbon black and additives in a solution of a mixture of alkyd and melamine-formaldehyde semi-finished varnishes and typing in a ball mill or by mixing pigment paste dispersed on a paint grinding machine with semi-finished varnishes in a mixer with subsequent typing.

The density of enamel is 980-1050 kg/m3. After drying at 1000C for 30 minutes, the enamel forms a weather-resistant coating that is resistant to water, salt fog (3% NaCl solution at 20 °C - less than 24 hours) and to temperature changes from -40 to +60 C. The electrical resistivity of the enamel should be 106 - 108 Ohm-cm.

The main purpose of enamel is to paint radiators, frames, wheels and small parts of cars. The enamel is applied to the surface using pneumatic and electrostatic spraying, as well as by dipping and spraying. Before use, the enamel is diluted to a working viscosity of 18-22 s according to VZ-4 with RE-4V thinner when painting in an electrostatic field, xylene or solvent for other painting methods. The guaranteed shelf life of the enamel is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel MC-17 is a suspension of pigments in semi-finished alkyd styrene varnish with the addition of a drier and an antioxidant. The enamel is produced in three colors - black, light gray and sand. The production of enamels comes down to the dispersion of pigments in a medium of semi-finished varnish MS-080 in ball mills, followed by typing and filtration. Semi-finished alkyd-styrene varnish MS-080 is a solution in xylene of styrene copolymer with GF-091 resin.

Enamel coatings are resistant to water, mineral oils, temperature changes, and have good electrical insulating properties. More detailed data on the properties of enamel are given in table. 2.20. The most important advantage of enamel is its high drying speed; The formation of the coating during air drying occurs within no more than 30 minutes.

MS-17 light gray enamel is used for painting automobile engines, sand enamel is used for painting parts made of upholstery cardboard, and black enamel is used for painting chassis components and other car parts.

Sand and light gray enamels are applied to the surface with a paint sprayer, dipping and pouring, pre-diluted with xylene to a working viscosity of 20-25 s according to VZ-4 at 20 ° C. Black enamel is applied with a paint sprayer on metal or a primed surface after diluting with xylene or solvent to a working viscosity of 20 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. MS-17 enamel is also suitable for application by electrostatic spraying according to the modes established at the point of consumption. Before use, desiccant-NF-1 is injected into the enamel in an amount of no more than 2% by weight of the enamel. The guaranteed shelf life of black enamel is 6′ months. beige and light gray - 3 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel MCh-123 is a suspension of carbon black in varnishes MCh-061 or GF-0123 (with the addition of K-411-02 resin). Varnish GF-0123 is a solution of phthalic resin in xylene, varnish MCh-061 is a solution of urea-formaldehyde resin K-411-02 and alkyd resin Fsin-34 in solvent.

The carbon black paste is dispersed in a ball or bead mill. In the first case, after compiling and typing the enamel (by viscosity, appearance and drying time), it is cleaned in a centrifuge, and in the second case, the enamel is supplied from the mixer without filtration for bottling into containers.

After drying at 110-1200C for 30 minutes or at 140-150°C for 12 minutes, the enamel forms a semi-gloss or glossy weather-resistant coating, resistant to temperature changes from -40 to +600C. The main properties of the enamel are given in table. 2.20.

Enamel is used mainly for painting parts, frames, wheels and radiators of cars. When applied to the surface with a paint sprayer, the enamel is diluted with xylene or solvent to a working viscosity of 25-30 s according to VZ-4 at 20°C. Enamel is also applied by electrostatic spraying. Small car parts are painted by dipping or pouring. The guaranteed shelf life of the enamel is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel MCh-145 is a suspension of pigments in solutions of alkyd and urea-formaldehyde resins. Enamel is produced in various colors - gray, protective, tobacco, gray-blue, dark blue-green, etc. Enamel forms weather-resistant coatings suitable for use in temperate, cold and tropical climates (while maintaining protective and decorative properties of at least 1 of the year). Enamel coatings are characterized by water resistance, resistance to HU-II nitro enamel and electrical insulating properties. The specific volumetric electrical resistance of enamel is 8•1O6—1*1O8 Ohm-cm.

The main purpose of enamel is to paint wooden and metal truck platforms. Enamels are also used for painting other metal and wooden products used in various climatic regions. Before use, NF-1 grade drier is injected into the enamel (up to 8% by weight of the enamel). Enamel is applied to the surface by dipping and pneumatic and electrostatic spraying. When painting by dipping and pneumatic spraying, the enamel is pre-diluted with solvent or xylene to a working viscosity of 28-35 s according to VZ-4, and when painting in an electric field - with thinner RE-4V or RE-8V to a working viscosity of 18-22 s according to VZ-4. The guaranteed shelf life of the enamel is 6 months. until the day of production.

Enamel PF-1147 is a suspension of pigments in an aqueous emulsion of pentaphthalic varnish with the addition of solvents, a drier and an emulsifier. This enamel, like GF-1147 enamel, is classified as water-based, but this is incorrect, since, unlike water-based, it is diluted to working viscosity with solvents, not water. Enamel is distinguished by the fact that it is made on varnish, which is a water emulsion. Available in two colors - protective and green.

The varnish emulsion is prepared in a container with a stirrer. The composition of the emulsion includes: varnish PF-053N - 50%, water - 44.5% and a 20% solution of trisodium phosphate - 5.5%. Pigment pastes of iron glaze and carbon black are prepared separately by grinding batches on paint rubbing machines and used for tinting. The main pigment paste is prepared by mixing in a dissolver followed by dispersing in a bead mill. The composition and typing of enamel is carried out in a mixer. To adjust the color, tinting pastes are added, and xylene or white spirit is added to regulate the viscosity. The finished enamel is packaged in containers after filtration.

The density of enamel is 1100-1150 kg/m.e. The enamel forms a semi-gloss film that is resistant to nitro enamel (it does not peel off or swell when three layers of nitro enamel are applied to it.

Enamel is used for painting cabs, parts and platforms of trucks. Before application with a paint sprayer, the enamel is diluted with white spirit, solvent, xylene or a mixture thereof to a working viscosity of 2.5-30 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C.

Enamel GF-1147 is a suspension of pigments in an aqueous emulsion of glyphthalic varnish. Enamels are produced in green and protective colors. The production, properties and use of enamel are the same as for PF-1147 enamel. Guaranteed shelf life - 3 months. with for manufacturing.

Enamel GF-571 (tint) is a suspension of pigments in semi-finished alkyd varnish. Enamel is made by dispersing a batch of pigments on a paint-grating machine, mixing the resulting pigment paste with varnish in a mixer and filtering the finished enamel. The color of the enamel film is grey.

The enamel has good electrical insulating properties: the specific volumetric electrical resistance is 5-10e - 3-108 Ohm-cm.

Enamel is used when painting passenger cars to level the surface of the paintwork; it is applied directly to the metal or over primer FP-093 or primer-putty GF-018. The enamel should have adhesion to these primers and to top automotive enamels of no more than 1 point, and to nitro enamels and metal - no more than 2 points. The enamel is applied to the surface with a paint sprayer after preliminary dilution with a solvent to a working viscosity of 20-22 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. It is allowed to paint with enamel in an electric field with dilution with RE-ZV or RE-4V thinners to a viscosity of 20-22 s. The guaranteed shelf life of the enamel is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Enamel NTs-11 is a suspension of pigments in the form of SVP (dry-rolled pigment pastes rolled with colloxylin, plasticizer and dispersant) in a solution of varnish colloxylin and alkyd resin in a mixture of solvents. Enamels are available in various colors and are used for painting prepared metal surfaces of various industrial products operated in atmospheric conditions. Previously, these enamels were used exclusively for painting passenger cars, but in recent years, mainly black NTs-11 enamel, suitable for use in temperate, cold and tropical climates, has been used for painting passenger cars.

Colored enamels of the NTs-P brand are almost never used for painting passenger cars and are replaced by enamels of the ML-12, ML-197, ML-1110 and ML-152 brands described above. Enamels are applied with a paint sprayer to the primed and putty surface of the car. Detailed characteristics of NTs-11 enamels are given in Chapter. 4 (see p. 288).

Enamel NTs-184 is a suspension of SVP (carbon black, rolled with colloxylin, plasticizer and dispersant) in a solution of colloxylin and alkyd resin in a mixture of solvents. Available in black.

The enamel is intended for painting primed cast car parts with a paint sprayer - after diluting with solvent 646 to a working viscosity of 30-38 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. Usually the enamel is applied in three layers. Enamel is also used for painting other metal products exposed to atmospheric conditions. Detailed characteristics of NTs-184 enamel are given in Chapter. 4 (see p. 288).

Enamel NTs-5123 is a suspension of pigments in a solution of colloxylin and alkyd resin in a mixture of solvents with the addition of plasticizers. Enamel is produced in four colors - green, red-brown, gray and light green. They are used for painting the surfaces of cast parts of cars that come into contact with mineral oil, as well as tractors and agricultural machines. Before applying to the surface with a paint sprayer or dipping, the enamel is diluted with solvent 646 to a working viscosity of 25-35 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C.

Enamel NTs-1125 is a suspension of pigments (in the form of dry-rolled pastes of a certain color) in a mixture of solvents with the addition of plasticizers. The main indicators of enamel are given in table. 2.20. Enamels are produced in 10 colors. After drying, the enamel forms a coating that can withstand 6 cycles of temperature changes from -40 to +60 0C.

The main purpose of NTs-1125 enamel is to paint specialized trucks over a pre-primed metal surface. Coating with NTs-1125 enamel over a primer retains its protective properties in temperate climates for less than 1.5 years. The enamel is applied with a paint sprayer in 3 layers over a pre-primed primer GF-021 or GF-032 in one layer, dried at 100-1100C and a sanded surface. Drying of the first two layers is carried out at 18-22 0C for 10 minutes, and the third layer - first at 1.8-220C for 1 hour, and then at 60°C for 0.5 hours. The total coating thickness should be 45 - 55 µm. Before application, the enamel is diluted with solvent 646 to a working viscosity of 23-28 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. The guaranteed shelf life of enamels is 12 months. from the date of manufacture.

Primer GF-017 is a suspension of pigments in a mixture of glyphthalic varnish and melamine-formaldehyde resin type K-421-04 with the addition of antioxidants and solvents. After hot drying, the primer forms a semi-matte dark brown coating that has good adhesion to the metal substrate and topcoat enamels (ML-12, etc.), resistance to nitro enamels and the ability to be sanded.

The primer is used for priming phosphated surfaces of cars and buses and for priming other metal surfaces. The GF-017 primer is produced with the index “p” - for application with a spray gun or brush, and the index “ok” - for application by dipping. When applied with a paint sprayer, the primer is diluted with a solvent to a working viscosity of 35 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. The thickness of a single-layer coating is 15-20 microns, and a two-layer coating is 30-40 microns. The guaranteed shelf life of the primer is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Primer GF-018 is a suspension of pigments in semi-finished glypthal varnish. After hot drying (at 1400C for 40 minutes) it forms a yellow coating (directly on metal or other primer), resistant to salt spray (3% NaCl solution) for 24 hours.

The main purpose of the primer is to apply it to car bodies and tail parts. The primer is applied to the surface using pneumatic and electrostatic spraying. When applied with a paint sprayer, the primer is diluted to a working viscosity of 26 s according to VZ-4 with solvent or xylene. The thickness of a single-layer coating is 15-20 microns, and a two-layer coating is 30-40 microns. The guaranteed shelf life of the primer is 12 months. from the date of manufacture.

Primer GF-073 is a suspension of pigments and filler in semi-finished glyphthalic varnish with the addition of a drier. After drying at 18-22 °C to degree 3, the primer forms a uniform matte coating of yellow-brown color, which is water-resistant, anti-corrosion resistance and good adhesion to metal, primers FL-093 and Ef-083 and to automotive enamels ML-197 and ML- 1110. The density of the primer is 1100–1150, and the density of the film is 2000–2300 kg/m3.

The main purpose is priming of areas of passenger car bodies that have been sanded down to metal. The primer is applied to the surface with a paint sprayer after diluting it with xylene to a working viscosity of 22-24 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. When applied to a surface of ML-197 or ML-1110 enamel primed with primer GF-073, the gloss of the film should decrease by no more than 5%. The guaranteed shelf life of the primer is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Primer GF-089 is a suspension of carbon black and filler in a mixture of melamine-formaldehyde and glyphthalic resins. After drying, the primer forms a smooth semi-matte or semi-gloss film with good adhesion and water resistance (see Table 2.20), resistance to salt fog (5% NaCl solution) for 96 hours, and resistance to wet vapors in a hydrostat for 150 hours. The specific volumetric electrical resistance of the primer at working viscosity is 1•1O7 - 5-108 Ohm-cm.

The main purpose of the primer is to paint driveshafts and other car parts. The primer is applied to the surface using pneumatic and electrostatic spraying with a working viscosity of 20-22 s according to VZ-4 at 20 °C. Before application in an electrostatic field, the primer is diluted with RKB-1 solvent, and when applied with a paint sprayer, with xylene. Guaranteed shelf life - 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Primer EF-083 is a suspension of pigments and fillers in a solution of epoxy ester (varnish EE-42-3) and melamine-formaldehyde resin. Semi-finished varnish EE-42-3 is a solution of E-44 resin esterified with fatty acids of linseed oil.

The technological process for manufacturing a primer includes the following steps:

1) Production of pigment paste in one stage in a ball mill or in two stages - additional dispersion in a bead mill; All components are loaded into a ball mill and dispersed, taking samples to control the paste for viscosity and dispersity; dispersing the paste to the required dispersion (15 microns along the wedge) requires a long time. Therefore, two-stage dispersion is more often carried out by pumping the contents from the ball mill into a container (mixer) upon reaching a degree of dispersion of 25-30 microns along the wedge; the paste is pumped from the mixer into a dissolver, from which it is pumped into a bead mill, where dispersion is continued to a grinding degree of 15 microns along the clip; in a two-stage mode, only part of the EE-42-3 varnish is loaded into the ball mill; the finished pigment paste is pumped into an intermediate container;

2) preparation of the primer and typing in the mixer; the remaining amount of EE-42-3 varnish is loaded into the mixer, and then the pigment paste is pumped from the intermediate container, mixed for about 1 hour and primer samples are taken for typing by color, viscosity and content of non-volatile substances;

3) filtration and draining of the primer into containers; the primer is filtered by passing through an ISA type centrifuge with additional purification through a multilayer filter made of gauze and cotton wool; The finished primer is pumped from the receiving box into 6 barrels.

The primer forms a semi-matte finish that is highly water resistant and can be easily sanded with waterproof sandpaper, grit number 4, using water. The color of the film is close to light smoky and is standardized according to the card file of color standards. The primer has good electrical insulating properties - its specific volumetric electrical resistance is in the range of 1-107 - 108 Ohm*cm.

The main purpose of the primer is to prime the previously prepared surface of the body and other parts of passenger cars. Two-layer coating with EF-083 primer on a phosphated surface withstands exposure to a humid atmosphere when tested according to method II of GOST 15157-69 for at least 6/Cycles.

The primer is applied to the surface mainly by spraying in an electrostatic field, after diluting it to a working viscosity of 23-35 s according to VZ-4 at 200C with RE-11V thinner. The guaranteed shelf life of the primer is 6 months. from the date of manufacture.

Primer FL-093 is a suspension of pigments in residrol BA-133. Available in three colors - red-brown, gray and black. After drying at 1800C for 0.5 hours, the primer forms a semi-gloss coating with high adhesion, petrol resistance and good physical and mechanical properties (see Table 2.20). The electrical conductivity of a 15% primer solution, determined on an MM34-59 type device, is no more than 2000 µS/cm, the penetrating ability of the primer is no less than 12 cm.

Red-brown and gray primers are used for priming by electrodeposition of bodies, cabins, parts and assemblies of passenger cars, agricultural machinery and other metal products operated in temperate, northern and tropical climates, and black primer is intended for single-layer coating of chassis parts and other components cars. When applying the FL-093 primer by electrodeposition at a voltage of 220-320 V in a layer with a thickness of at least 22 microns, a coating is formed that is able to withstand accelerated tests for salt resistance for at least 150 hours and for moisture resistance (in a G-4 type hydrostat) for at least 1000 h.

State standards and additional technical characteristics

PF-115 is an enamel that is manufactured according to state standards 6465-76. Since 2001, some changes have been made to the production rules, but they have not radically affected the application features and composition. The paint base is titanium dioxide and PF-060 varnish. The rest are additives, various pigments and solvents.

For manual and industrial trade, such enamel is made differently. For example, the industrial type of paint is in the form of a concentrate, which must be diluted with a solvent before use. As for paint for retail sale, it contains solvents among the ingredients, and if there is a need to achieve the desired consistency, the mixture can also be diluted.

PF-115 is an enamel that can be represented by paint with different pigments. This affects performance and composition. The color range of the mixture described is quite wide, but limited to primary colors, but there are quite a few shades. If you could not find the desired color in the palette, then you can create it by mixing. For industrial needs, colors are manufactured in factory conditions, which is prescribed in state standards.

Advantages and disadvantages

There are many arguments for the use of PF-115.

• Moisture-resistant and weather-resistant. Although some experts are skeptical about the protective properties of pentaphthalic enamel, nevertheless, it can take care of your structures, reliably limiting access to precipitation and UV rays.
• Lightfast and durable. The viability of the protective coating directly depends on the originality of the recipe and compliance with the dyeing technology. On average, the shelf life of the coating is 4-5 years.
• It has a low price - this is one of the main advantages of enamel, which often becomes a decisive factor in favor of its purchase, especially when the budget is limited.
• Provides excellent adhesion even when applied to smooth metal surfaces.

• Eliminates significant costs for preparing surfaces for painting - another opportunity to save on expensive and time-consuming technological procedures.
• Highly elastic and crack resistant.
• Highly durable and wear-resistant, therefore suitable for painting floors.
• Universal in use for external/internal types of work, for painting metal, concrete, wood. Since PF-115 can be combined well with the listed materials, it will be possible to protect various products with one product, saving on the purchase of specialized compounds for treating surfaces made of a specific material.
• It has good decorative properties and allows you to obtain a glossy, matte, semi-matte surface.

• Easy to use, can be applied using conventional painting tools or special equipment, and produces minimal shrinkage. Low-skilled personnel can work with PF-115.
• It is characterized by good fluidity, hiding power, thixotropy - the ability to reduce viscosity due to mechanical influences and to increase viscosity in a calm state.
• Easy to clean with ordinary detergents.
• A wide selection of colors, among which there are both classic, strict shades and bright, saturated ones, which makes it easier to select the right color scheme for your own needs. In addition to the standard colors of enamels produced in accordance with GOST, you can order a paint shade according to RAL.

Weaknesses are also present.

• Contains components harmful to health. The evaporation of these substances during the drying process is accompanied by a pungent odor.
• It has low vapor permeability, which must be taken into account when painting facades.
• Low levels of chemical resistance to various aggressive environments. Therefore, in some areas of the industrial sector with increased requirements for the quality of protective coatings, the use of pentaphthalic enamel is limited.
• Fire hazardous.
• Extended drying period.

To completely dry, PF-115 requires about a day, which is not always justified in terms of time and, as a result, finances.

When it comes to painting high-rise objects - water towers, chimneys, or simply the walls of multi-story buildings, industrial climbers are usually hired for the job. The services of such teams cost accordingly.

In this case, it is most profitable to paint objects “in one go” , this saves time and money. It is impossible to do this with pentaphthalic enamel, since 24 hours must pass before applying each subsequent layer. Whereas there are quick-drying enamels, the interlayer drying of which takes only half an hour, for example, the Anticorrosive Sprint coating.

In addition, PF-115 is not recommended for painting metal structures operated in aggressive industrial atmospheres, that is, those located directly in metalworking plants, thermal power plants or near them, and objects that are constantly in contact with the aquatic environment - piers, piles. Here we need more advanced materials than pentaphthalic paint, capable of providing a high degree of protection against corrosion.

Technical characteristics of PF-115

Indicator name	Meaning
Enamel color	Must be within the permissible deviations established by color control samples approved in the prescribed manner
Appearance of PF-115 enamel coating	After drying, the enamel should form a smooth, uniform surface without delamination, pockmarks, streaks, wrinkles and foreign inclusions. A small amount of shagreen is allowed.
Coating gloss according to photoelectric gloss meter, %, not less:
For colors: red, cherry, black	–
Other colors	60
Conditional viscosity according to a VZ-246 viscometer with a nozzle diameter of 4 mm at a temperature of 20°C, s:
For colors: red, cherry, black	–
For other colors	80-120
Mass fraction of non-volatile substances, %, for enamels:
white, light yellow	62 — 68
cream, beige, light beige, blue, pistachio, dark gray, blue-gray, gray	60 — 66
pale yellow, green, dark green, red-brown, yellow, red-orange	64 — 70
blue, light gray, brown	57 — 63
black	49 — 55
red, cherry	52 — 58
The degree of dilution to a viscosity of 28-30 s using a VZ-246 type viscometer with a nozzle diameter of 4 mm at a temperature of 20°C, %, no more	20
Degree of grinding, microns, no more, enamels:
PF-115 white enamel	10
PF-115 red enamel	25
PF-115 cherry enamel	25
PF-115 black enamel	25
PF-115 paint in other colors	15
Covering capacity of the dried film, g/m2, no more, for PF-115 enamels of the following colors:
white	60
pale yellow	95
light yellow	90
creamy	85
red-orange	50
beige	55
light beige	65
pistachio, gray, green, blue	50
yellow	35
gray-blue	40
dark gray, red-brown, blue	55
brown	–
dark green	–
red	–
cherry	80
black	–
light gray
Film elasticity when bending, mm, no more	1
Film strength when impacted by a U-1 type device, cm, not less, enamels:
PF-115 red, cherry, black	–
PF-115 other colors	50
Film adhesion, points, no more	1
Coating hardness according to a pendulum device, not less than: TML type (pendulum A), relative units, for enamels:
red, cherry	0,10
black	0,10
white	–
other colors	0,35
Resistance of the coating at a temperature of 20°C to the static effects of water, hours, not less, for enamels:
red, cherry, black	–
other colors	10
Resistance of the coating to static effects of 0.5% detergent solution, min, not less	15
Resistance of the coating at a temperature of 20°C to the static effects of transformer oil, h, not less	24

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

6.1. PF-115 enamels of various colors are fire hazardous and toxic materials, which is due to the properties of the components included in their composition.

Maximum permissible concentrations, hazard classes of components according to GOST 12.1.005 and fire hazard characteristics according to GOST 12.1.044 are given in table. .

table 2

Maximum permissible concentration of vapors in the air of the working area of ​​industrial premises, mg/m3	Hazard Class	Temperature, C	Concentration limits of ignition,% (by volume)
flashes	spontaneous combustion	lower	upper
Xylene	50	3	Not lower than 23	Above 450	1,0	6.0
Turpentine	300	4	34	300	0,8	6.9
White Spirit	300	4	Not lower than 33	270	1,4	6.0
Solvent	50	3	22-36	464-535	1,02*	—
Lead compounds	0,01/0,005	1	—	—	—	—
Chromium compounds	0,01	1	—	—	—	—

* Lower flammability limit at a temperature of 25 ° C and a pressure of 101325 Pa (760 mm Hg).

Solvent vapors have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract and skin.

Lead compounds, being extremely dangerous, cause chronic intoxication, expressed in damage to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, changes in the blood, gastrointestinal tract and other organs.

Chromium compounds irritate and cauterize the mucous membrane and skin, causing ulceration; When aerosols are inhaled, the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum is perforated. They also have a general toxic effect, affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

6.3. The production of enamels must comply with the safety rules for paint and varnish production, approved in accordance with the established procedure.

6.4. Production, testing and use of enamels must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.3.005 and GOST 12.1.004.

6.5. Persons associated with the production and use of enamels must be provided with special clothing in accordance with GOST 12.4.103 and personal protective equipment in accordance with GOST 12.4.011, GOST 12.4.068.

Personal respiratory protection equipment - in accordance with GOST 12.4.028, GOST 12.4.004 and GOST 17269.

6.6. Work related to the production and use of enamels is carried out in rooms equipped with local and general supply and exhaust ventilation in accordance with GOST 12.4.021, ensuring the condition of the air environment in accordance with GOST 12.1.005.

Fire extinguishing agents - sand, felt, foam fire extinguishers OHP-10, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2 and OU-5, foam installations, finely sprayed water - in accordance with GOST 12.4.009.

6.7. To protect the atmospheric air from pollution, air purification must be provided at gas treatment plants and monitoring compliance with maximum permissible emissions (MPE) in accordance with GOST 17.2.3.02.

6.8. Waste generated during equipment cleaning is disposed of in accordance with the procedure for accumulation, transportation, neutralization and disposal of toxic industrial waste.

Sec. 6. (Changed edition. Amendment No. 5).

Peculiarities

To begin with, it is worth noting that it is more correct to call PF-115 enamel enamel paint, since there is a certain difference between these concepts. Enamel provides a stronger and smoother film on the surface than oil or alkyd paints.

Enamel paints come in several varieties:

• alkyd;
• pentaphthalic;
• glyphthalic;
• alkyd-melamine;
• alkyd-phenolic and alkyd-oil.

Pentaphthalic type of enamels is considered the most common and widely used in everyday life. In this group of paints and varnishes you can find a composition suitable for different types of surfaces (wood, concrete, metal, brick, chipboard, fiberboard, asbestos cement, plaster, oil or other paint, etc.). The color range of such enamels is truly limitless: the finished coating can be matte, semi-matte or glossy.

Enamel combines well with other types of finishing materials. This significantly expands the scope of its use. From an economy class material, it easily turns into an ideal option for decorating the most modern, original and fashionable interiors.

PF-115 enamel has proven itself and continues to hold a leading position among similar materials due to its impeccable performance and high decorative characteristics. Paint allows you not only to create a beautiful, smooth, shiny, glossy or discreet matte layer, but also to give the surface additional resistance to external influences, humidity, temperature changes, etc.

The popularity of this coloring composition has led to the fact that today not only large factories, but also very small companies are engaged in the production of this modification. Different types of enamels from this group have different alphanumeric designations that determine their properties and characteristics:

• the abbreviation “PF” denotes belonging to the pentaphthalic group of enamels;
• the first digit “1” indicates that the composition is intended for outdoor use;
• “15” is the serial number of the composition in the catalogue.

To get a complete picture of this material, it is necessary, first of all, to evaluate its advantages and disadvantages.

PF-115 enamel has a huge number of positive characteristics.

• Affordable price. An important factor when it comes to choosing a finishing material for a large amount of work or inexpensive repairs.
• Possibility of use for external and internal work. This means that the composition is moisture resistant, it is not afraid of UV rays, aggressive climatic conditions, temperature changes, etc. The enamel perfectly retains its performance characteristics in the range from -50 to +60°C.
• Wide range of colors. In addition, if it is necessary to obtain a certain shade, the enamel can be tinted perfectly at home.
• Easy to apply. The coloring composition is easily and quickly applied with different types of tools.

• Wear resistance. Enamel forms a fairly strong film on the surface that is resistant to mechanical stress.
• Protecting surfaces from mold and mildew.
• Durability.
• Corrosion protection.
• Resistant to gasoline and oils.
• Resistance to mineral fertilizers.
• Detergent resistant.

However, even this popular type of enamels is not without a number of disadvantages.

• The composition takes a long time to dry (24 hours). This point can be fundamental in some cases when it is necessary to paint and dry the surface very quickly.
• PF-115 enamel has a distinct, specific odor (not very strong, but quite noticeable for people prone to allergies).

• The enamel coating is very difficult to remove from hands and dirty instruments. Typically, builders prefer to throw away used paint brushes and rollers rather than bother with cleaning them.
• The material is toxic and fire hazard.
• Before applying enamel, it is necessary to pre-prime the surface to be treated.

Scope of application

Due to the wide range of types and universal properties, alkyd enamels are widely used in repairs and construction for painting almost any material. Such coatings can be used for interior and exterior repair work. Alkyd enamels are most often used for painting structures made of metal, wood and concrete. Alkyd-urethane paint for metal structures reliably protects the surface from the influence of negative environmental factors and prevents the formation of rust.

A special alkyd enamel is produced for machine parts. This paint is made on the basis of glyphthalic resins. Alkyd enamel can also be used to coat the body of a vehicle. The automotive mixture is applied in three layers, which increases its complete drying time. The resulting coating is highly durable and resistant to cracking.

Paint based on pentaphthalic resins is ideal for painting floors and walls, as it has excellent resistance to abrasion and mechanical stress. This composition is also widely used for processing metal structures for various purposes.

Painting

The universal qualities of PF-115 allow you to paint the surface at air temperatures from 5 to 35 degrees Celsius. To apply paint, use brushes, brushes, rollers or spray guns. Immersion dyeing is also used.

Metal structures are painted with at least two layers of enamel after preliminary priming. For high-quality painting of wood, brick, concrete or plaster, you will need two or three layers with a thickness of 18–23 microns each. The variation in thickness is due to differences in the structure of the material being painted and the color of the paint.

After applying the enamel layer, the surface must dry. Drying at a temperature of 20 degrees takes up to 24 hours. When faster drying is needed, high temperatures (100–110 degrees) can be used.

After the enamel dries, the surface becomes glossy, uniform, and smooth. It is resistant to friction, atmospheric and chemical influences. PF-115 is compatible with almost any type of paint and varnish coating.

Surface preparation

Before applying the enamel, it is necessary to carry out preparatory measures so that the paint layer lays down well.

The work is performed in this order:

1. Remove traces of grease, dirt, and old paint from the surface. To do this, you can use washing powder, soap or soda solution. Treat wooden materials with sandpaper. Remove traces of rust from metal structures.
2. Dry the surface thoroughly (especially if we are talking about plaster or concrete).
3. If metal is to be painted, treat it with a degreasing compound and apply an anti-corrosion primer.
4. If wood will be covered with enamel, apply drying oil, Biotex primer or universal varnish.
5. For porous surfaces, an alkyd primer is preferable.

Rules for applying primer:

1. Dilute the composition with a solvent (if necessary according to the instructions).
2. Stir the mixture with a wooden stick.
3. Apply a thin layer of primer using a brush or roller.
4. Allow the surface to dry.

Note! Pentaphthalic primers can be applied over old paint. However, then you need to sand its layer

Security measures

Painting should be carried out only with the use of personal protective equipment (goggles, gloves, respirator). If paint and varnish material gets on the skin, wash the affected area with warm soapy water. When carrying out work, good natural or artificial ventilation must be provided. There should be no sources of fire near the area to be painted.

Enamel consumption

One of the advantages of PF-115 is its economical consumption. Specific indicators depend on many circumstances:

1. Method of application. When working with a sprayer, the paint and varnish material is consumed less economically compared to using a brush.
2. Manufacturing technology. PF-115 is produced not only according to GOST, but also according to specifications. In the latter case, the consumption is approximately 50% higher.
3. Degree of foundation preparation. A well-primed surface reduces the consumption of paints and varnishes.
4. Consumption per 1 m2 even depends on the color of the enamel. The most economical option is black paint, and the most wasteful is white. Other colors occupy an intermediate position.
5. Type of material to be painted. The consumption per 1 m2 of metal will be less than when painting wood, which absorbs part of the paintwork.

Enamel consumption is from 100 to 180 grams per square meter of one layer.

Differences in composition, characteristics

To find out exactly how acrylic enamel differs from alkyd enamel, you need to consider their composition. Their only similarity is that they are used to paint a variety of surfaces. However, there is a big difference between acrylic and alkyd enamel. First of all, the difference between acrylic enamel and alkyd enamel lies in their composition.

Alkyd enamel is a more modernized version of oil paints. It is characterized by similar solidification mechanisms, as well as the formation of a so-called surface film. However, unlike other types of oil products, the surface film that forms after its application to the surface to be painted is slightly stronger, but significantly inferior in terms of elasticity.

The composition of these paints and varnishes includes polyhydric alcohols. Quite often, they are made from glycerin and orthophthalic acid. In addition, the name alkyd itself owes its origin to the combination of two words - alcohol and acid.

Acrylic enamels, unlike alkyd paints, are made on the basis of a substance called acrylic. This substance is a polymer, which is also known as plexiglass. They may also contain a variety of additional substances that are necessary to improve its characteristics or properties (increasing the level of elasticity, improving drying characteristics, surface tension).

Purpose and application

Alkyd enamel, due to its universal properties and characteristics, is widely used during repair and construction work. It is used for painting almost any surface or material. Alkyd paint can be used to paint surfaces both during interior and exterior construction or repair work.

Most often, it is used for painting structures made of metal or wood. In addition, it is perfect for painting concrete, perfectly protects metal structures from the harmful effects of an aggressive external environment, and also actively prevents the formation of rust on metals. Therefore, it is most often used for painting structures in industrial buildings, as well as in a variety of household objects. For example, quite often it is used as the main means for painting heating radiators.

take care of good ventilation inside the rooms. During work, it is recommended to use gloves, as well as a respirator to protect the respiratory system.

Acrylic enamel is a universal product that is perfect for painting almost any surface. As a rule, it is used when painting surfaces made of:

• metal;
• concrete;
• tree.

It has increased resistance to low as well as high temperatures. Therefore, it is perfect for both interior and exterior decoration. Thanks to its use, any surface to which it has been applied becomes immune to the harmful effects of moisture or pests (in the case of painting wooden surfaces).

Despite their wide range of applications, these enamels are most often used for painting surfaces made of metal. It should be noted that they are not applied directly to the metal itself. Before using them, the surface to be painted is pre-treated with a primer. As a rule, cars are painted with acrylic enamels. These paints are also used for painting heating radiators, because, as you know, they can perfectly withstand temperatures up to 120 degrees Celsius.

Flow rates per 1 m?

To find out which enamel is better, acrylic or alkyd, you also need to consider their consumption rates per 1 m2. The standard consumption rate of acrylic enamel can be taken into account only when painting smooth surfaces (walls, ceilings). When painting rough surfaces, the consumption may be slightly higher than the standard value. The traditional consumption rate for painting is no more than 200 grams per 1 m2.

The consumption rates of alkyd enamel primarily depend on the type of surface being painted. For example, consumption rates when painting wooden and metal surfaces may differ slightly from each other. On average, its consumption when painting 1 m2 is 130 grams.

Technological process of applying PF-115 enamel

Depending on the type of surface, painting technology may be different.

Metal painting

. First of all, it is necessary to mechanically remove rust, and treat the remaining corrosion defects with an inhibitor. After this, the surface is treated with primer GF-0119 or a similar composition. Painting is done in two layers with an interval of 24 hours.

Wood staining

. PF-115 enamel, the main technical characteristics of which are completely suitable for painting surfaces made of natural wood, is applied in 2-3 layers depending on the absorbency of the material; the use of primers, in this case, is optional. Pre-treatment with antiseptic compounds compatible with pentaphthalic enamels is possible.

Painting plaster, brick and concrete

. To obtain a high-quality coating, 2-3 layers are needed. Before applying enamel, it is advisable to use antiseptic compounds to prevent the appearance of fungus and mold. The relative humidity of the surfaces to be painted should be between 10 and 15%.

How to paint correctly with PF 115 paint video

During painting work, PF 115 paint must be stirred regularly to prevent the formation of sediment.

Paint selection criteria

When going to the store to buy paint, you need to be able to decipher different markings and symbols. This will allow you to narrow the selection segment to the required quantity and eliminate series that are incompatible with the type of surface.

An important criterion is the material of the coating that will be painted. Specialized compounds have been developed for metal, wood, plaster and stone. Next, it’s worth calculating the surface area in square meters in order to plan the average consumption of the substance.

Numerical and alphabetic designations

The GF and PF markings indicate that the series belongs to the glyphthalic or pentaphthalic group. NC refers to nitrocellulose enamels, which dry quickly and create a pleasant gloss on the surface.

The FA marking is found in the description of oil-phenolic enamels.

Also in the classification of alkyd enamels there are digital designations:

1. Enamels for external painting works.
2. Compositions for internal use.
3. Preservation materials that are used as temporary covering.
4. Hydrophobic models.
5. Releases to repel pests.
6. Oil and petrol resistant.
7. Chemically resistant.
8. Heat resistant.
9. Electrical insulating.

APPENDIX 3 Information

Indicator name	Norm
1. Specific volumetric electrical resistance, Ohm×m	5 ´ 104 — 1 ´ 104
2. Dielectric constant	6-11

APPENDIX 3.
(Changed edition. Amendment No. 5).
INFORMATION DATA

1.
DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Chemical Industry of the USSR
2.
APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards
Change No. 5 adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 20 of 01.11.2001)

Registered by Bureau of Standards MGS 3975

The following voted to approve the change:

State name	Name of the national standardization body
The Republic of Azerbaijan	Azgosstandart
Republic of Armenia	Armgosstandard
Republic of Belarus	State Standard of the Republic of Belarus
The Republic of Kazakhstan	Gosstandart of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstandard
The Republic of Moldova	Moldova-Standard
Russian Federation	Gosstandart of Russia
The Republic of Tajikistan	Tajikstandard
Turkmenistan	Main State Service "Turkmenstandartlary"
The Republic of Uzbekistan	Uzgosstandart
Ukraine	State Standard of Ukraine

3.
INSTEAD OF GOST 6465-63 and GOST 5.820-71
4.
REFERENCE REGULATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

Designation of the referenced technical document	Number of paragraph, subparagraph	Designation of the referenced technical document	Number of paragraph, subparagraph
;	,
;
,
; ;

6.
The validity period was lifted according to Protocol No. 5-94 of the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (IUS 11-12-94)
7.
EDITION (May 2004) with Amendments No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, approved in January 1979, June 1980, June 1985, April 1988, May 2002 (IUS 3-79, 8-80, 10-85, 7-88, 8-2002)

note

Due to the fact that PF-115 enamel contains toxic components and is a fire hazard, it is important to take precautions when working with this type of paint. Use personal protective equipment

To prevent the odor released before the enamel dries from being absorbed into textiles and furniture, before painting, if possible, it is recommended to empty the room of them.

The enamel coating after drying has no harmful effects on people, animals and the environment.

Produced by order and under the control of Tech-Color LLC.

Supplier: Tech-Color LLC, 625014, Tyumen, st. Republic, 256, building 2.

If you have any questions, please write to Thank you.

Density of different types of coatings

Today there are a huge number of imported paints and varnishes on sale that have nothing to do with our GOST, as well as compositions produced according to specifications. And the manufacturer does not always indicate in the specifications how many kg are in a liter of paint. Therefore, I will give average density values ​​for different types of paints and varnishes.

• Acrylic - 1.3-1.44.
• Alkyd - 1.15-1.8.
• Oil - 1.4 - 2.5.
• Silicone - 1.4-1.6.
• Silicate – 1.15-1.2.
• Polyurethane – 1.5.
• Epoxy - 1.4.

This video shows a pycnometer device for determining the density of paint materials:

Advantages and disadvantages of enamel

This paint coating is sold at very affordable prices, which makes it possible to use it even for large-scale exterior painting work. Due to its composition, this paint is extremely resistant to moisture, precipitation, solar radiation, detergents and industrial oils. The temperature at which this material retains its properties varies from +60 to -50 degrees Celsius. In temperate climates, properly applied paintwork lasts up to 4 years. The tropical climate reduces this period to 1 year. In addition, the enamel adheres well to primer, metal and wooden surfaces.

The disadvantages include the relatively long drying time, the smell, which not everyone likes, and the difficulty of washing off painting tools. Many people, having never washed their paint brushes after it, prefer to throw them away. In this case, the paint belongs to the category of toxic and fire hazardous substances.

What is paint

Paint is a mixture that includes filler and solvent. The pigments contained in it give color and cover the coating. And aqueous dispersions, synthetic polymers and much more provide film-forming agents. They help the solution not to harden. Solvents are water, ethers, oils and various carbohydrates. They reduce viscosity and make application more convenient. It is selected taking into account the substance that binds. And fillers are used as additives. They provide matting properties, fire and thermal protection, resistance to fading and abrasion.

Types of enamel

Enamel, or otherwise enamel paint, has a pigmented composition made from resin or varnish, which forms a film. It also contains an organic solvent, filler and many other components. Soot, ocher, red lead, titanium and more are used as pigments. The solvent is turpentine, alcohol, solvent. Microtalc or chalk filler. Enamel is sold in liquid or paste form. When dry it forms a coating. It is durable and does not show through. You can choose the color scheme and texture.

There are several types of enamel paints:

1. Alkyd
   - they shine and are very resistant to temperature changes. Withstands from minus fifty to plus sixty degrees. It also withstands various detergents and mineral oils. Used in interior and exterior work. For painting wooden, concrete and metal surfaces.
2. Alkyd-melamine
   - have an elastic and hard coating. Good resistance to ultraviolet rays. Tolerates mechanical damage and humidity. The initial layer dries for about thirty minutes, and the second for about fifty minutes. Used for painting the outer layer of cars and motorcycles. And for parts that will be used and applied in humid climates.
3. Nitrocellulose
   - the main component is cellulose nitrate. It has a very pungent and unpleasant odor. But it dries very quickly. They paint it only in special suits, with a mask and with sprayers. Sometimes it is produced in aerosol cans. This paint can be used to paint metal surfaces, concrete and wood.
4. Pentaphthalic
   and
   glypthal
   paints were obtained by modifying drying oils with alkyd resins. They have a high degree of wear resistance and can withstand sudden temperature changes. Used for exterior work, painting floors, trolleybuses, buses, subway cars and trains. This coloring will last for fifteen years of exterior coloring. And if inside, then for six years.
5. Organosilicon
   - very resistant to abrasion. They tolerate high temperatures and moisture well.
6. Polyurethane
   - have a very high level of wear resistance. This paint is used to paint floor coverings that will be subject to heavy loads or frequent traffic. Dries within twenty-four hours. The room where painting will be done must be ventilated before starting.
7. Epoxy
   - resistant to water and chemicals. Used as an anti-corrosion coating. Paint wood and metal.

How to distinguish low-quality enamel PF-115

The manufacturing quality of this type of enamel paint is regulated by GOST 6465-76. In order to be confident in all the parameters regulated by GOST, it is best to take paint with a price of more than 65 rubles per kilogram. On the contrary, options cheaper than 40 rubles are not even worth considering, since they are fake. You can recognize the latest, or simply poorly made enamel, by the following signs:

• Strong odor of white spirit. Despite the fact that the latter is present in all types of this enamel, too strong a smell may indicate low quality;
• No film even after long-term outdoor storage;
• The coating remains sticky for a long time even at elevated temperatures.

As a rule, all complaints about PF-115 enamel regarding its long drying time and high consumption are associated with the initial purchase of low-quality material in dubious places.

Features of application

Enamel paint has good adhesion, which makes working with it much easier.
The surface on which it is applied must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt and dust. There is no need to putty the surface. It is enough to first coat the surface with a special primer and let it dry completely. Different types of enamel paints, united under a common name, still have different technical characteristics. Therefore, we cannot talk about the universality of their use for various surfaces and types of work. Nitrocellulose is excellent for wood processing, while alkyd has a wider range of applications: from exterior work to decorative painting.

Enamel paints have a high density, so most of them must be diluted before use. To do this, you can use almost any solvent or thinner of any kind.

Compound

The basic composition of PF-115 enamel includes:

• semi-finished pentaphthalic varnish;
• titanium dioxide;
• White Spirit;
• coloring pigments and fillers.

However, this composition may vary depending on the final color. For example, to obtain blue enamel, zinc white and iron glaze are added to the composition, and carbon black is used to create a gray color.

The production of enamel is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 6465-76, to which minor changes were made in 2001, which did not radically affect the components of the composition and their percentages.

The purpose of the adjustments being made is to reduce the cost of the product, but it is worth keeping in mind that enamel that is not made to the original standards is somewhat inferior in quality to the original product.

It should be noted that the enamel offered for domestic and industrial needs is somewhat different. The second option involves a concentrated composition that requires mandatory dilution before use. Household pentaphthalic alkyd paint is ready for use. However, if necessary, it can also be diluted with a solvent.

On store shelves today you can find two varieties of PF-115 enamel: “Economy” and “Standard”. The difference between them is cost and quality. “Standard” enamel has better hiding power, creates a beautiful, durable, even film on the surface, and is more resistant to adverse weather conditions.

Properties of enamels

Viscosity of base enamels

The viscosity of base enamels can vary significantly. Even enamels made on the same base, but in different colors, can differ significantly in viscosity.

Control of the viscosity of enamels is necessary to ensure sufficient coverage. For working mixtures of enamels applied by spraying, a viscosity of 15 ... 18 sec is recommended. DIN4.

Ensure color repeatability

To ensure color repeatability, the enamel in the container must be thoroughly mixed for several minutes before use, preferably in a gyroscopic mixer, or if it is not available, with a special stirrer. Over time, pigments in enamels gather into large conglomerates, and if they are not broken up, the color will differ from the desired one.

Polishability of enamels

Glossy enamels are well polished. However, some technologists prefer to use matte enamel with a finishing coat of glossy varnish for polishing, since at the stage of grinding the enamel for polishing there is a risk of a significant reduction in the thickness of the film (grinding) and the soil underneath it being visible.

Spreadability and drying of enamels

Enamels must have good spreadability and a fairly high dry residue, since inhomogeneities are especially noticeable on an opaque coating.

Enamels usually take longer to dry than clear varnishes, especially glossy enamels.

Primers for enamel

Enamels are usually applied to pigment primers that have a particularly high solids content. There are soils of different colors, mainly three colors: white, brown and black.

In what cases are primers of other colors used? Most often, a white primer is used, but when painting with enamels of some rich shades of yellow and red (on a transparent base), the pigments in which have a fundamentally lower hiding power, there is a risk of the primer showing through (for example, at the corners of a part).

In this case, to reduce the visibility of local imperfections, it makes sense to use a primer of a less bright color (brown, black) or tint the primer with pigments. The same recommendation also applies to polished enamels if there is a risk of reduced hiding power.

It should be borne in mind, however, that high accuracy of color setting is only possible with enamels that have a strictly controlled composition and a controlled amount of white. The color of the soil cannot be reproduced with such accuracy.

From what was mentioned in the article, we encountered the following problems when working with enamels. When trying to paint with paint from another manufacturer, but with the same number in the color catalog, we received different shades of paint and had to introduce a rule that the order must be painted with paint from one manufacturer. If the paint supplier has low technological equipment, then when re-ordering paint of a certain color, the supplier did not always match the color and sometimes it was necessary to repaint the order completely. The color of the soil is important. If, for example, red paint is applied to white or black primer, then we will get different shades of painted facades. Therefore, it was necessary to clearly specify which colors of paint to apply on black and which on white primer. In some cases, when paints were made on a transparent base, they had poor hiding power, so it was necessary to tint the white primer with paint that matched the paint with which we would paint.

Colors

PF-115 enamel is presented in a fairly wide color range. However, it is not at all limitless. As a rule, basic colors and a small number of shades are offered. If a suitable tone is not found in the palette, you can always get it yourself by mixing several colors.

According to the color of the enamel in question, there are:

• white (and white matte);
• beige;
• cream;
• yellow;
• orange;
• green;

• red;
• blue;
• gray;
• lilac;
• pistachio;
• turquoise;
• cherry;
• brown;
• black, etc.

Enamels of different shades are perfectly mixed and tinted. For this purpose, tinting pastes are used. As a rule, they are packaged in small plastic bottles with a narrow neck, which allows you to measure out the required amount of color in drops. The stars on the packaging of the composition indicate its resistance to sunlight.

Getting the desired shade of enamel at home is quite simple - you just need to strictly follow the tinting technology.

• First, you need to tint a small amount of enamel for testing, paint a small area of ​​the surface and let it dry.
• The color is added to the paint drop by drop. First, a small amount of enamel is painted, then it is added to the main jar and mixed thoroughly.
• If a large volume of material is needed, then you need to tint all the paint at once, not separately in cans.

When creating a paint of a new shade, you need to remember the following nuances:

• for mixing it is necessary to use the color and paint material from the same manufacturer;
• the intensity of the shade may change slightly after the coating has completely dried - this must always be remembered;
• If the shade is selected using a computer program, then the monitor must be correctly adjusted to avoid distortion of the future paint color.

Types of primers for metal against rust

Primer enamels differ in color. The palette of decorative anti-rust is not inferior to the artistic range of colors. Classic colors are:

• white,
• black,
• grey,
• brown.

If desired, you can find original colors for painting enamel:

• golden,
• green,
• wine red,
• red-brown
• rapeseed yellow
• blue and others.

The classification, based on the composition of anti-corrosion additives, distinguishes several functional varieties:

1. Insulating. Excellent protection from atmospheric factors (moisture, temperature changes).
2. Passivating. Effectively reduces corrosion in high humidity conditions.
3. Transformative. Capable of qualitatively dissolving rust and restoring metal.
4. Phosphating. They protect galvanized surfaces well in wet conditions.
5. Protective. They contain metal particles, therefore they form a durable metallized layer.
6. Inhibitory. They have high adhesion and excellent priming properties.

Positive Features

Depending on what kind of surface you need to get, you should choose enamel with a glossy or matte effect. White is used as the main color, but there are various shades on sale from which you can choose the one that suits you. The described enamel has the status of one of the leaders in Russian developments in the group of alkyd materials for painting. It can be used in different climatic zones, as it has the ability to withstand atmospheric influences such as solar radiation, snow, rain, wind and temperature variations. Thus, the coating on which the enamel has been applied can be used in the range from -50 to +60 °C.

After application, PF-115 enamel forms a durable coating that is resistant to water; in addition, after the paint has dried, the surface can be cleaned using detergents. The coating is not only high-quality and durable, but also looks great, looks uniform and has no streaks. The paint can be tinted in all sorts of colors and shades. If you apply it in 2 layers to a surface that has been previously primed and will be used in a temperate or cold climate, then the composition will not lose its protective abilities for 4 years.

How to choose the right enamel

Paint can be applied in a variety of ways, depending on the surface it is applied to. Among the most popular tools, it is worth noting such as a brush, roller or spray bottle, which will evenly distribute the substance.

Enamels have their own classification, which reflects the aesthetic and practical aspects of the use of such substances. Therefore, it will be quite difficult for a person who has recently encountered the need to use such paint to determine which enamel is better.

The first question that arises in such a situation is how to choose the right enamel? What exactly should you be guided by so as not to make mistakes? To get started, consider the following factors:

What is the surface on which you will apply paint? Some types of enamels are universal, that is, they can be used both outside and indoors, and are also not picky about the structure of the surface itself. However, if you choose a substance for any specific type of work, then it is better to turn to specialized models, since different types of enamels have different resistance to temperature changes, concentration of sunlight, etc. For which surface is this or that type of enamel recommended? Concrete, brick, wood, metal or plastic have different abilities to absorb and retain paint. If you make the wrong choice, the enamel can not only be unevenly distributed on the outside of the material, but also fade quite quickly

Therefore, it is important to study the characteristics of the behavior of a particular paint model on the surface you need. How long does it take for enamel to dry? As a rule, this parameter can vary from 1 hour to two days

This factor is also important for those rooms that need to be used as soon as possible (for residential premises this is the kitchen, bedroom, bathroom). It should be borne in mind that at different temperatures the paint can dry for different times, so it is very important to choose the right time of year for the work. In addition, the smell of enamel is often very pungent, so it is worth taking into account that additional time will be required to dry it. to ventilate the room. The structure of the selected enamel. The color range of paint in modern production is so wide that the user can choose the one suitable for implementing the most daring decisions. But you should pay attention to how different shades can be combined in external texture. Currently, glossy, semi-glossy, as well as matte and rich-matte structures of the outer layer of enamel are distinguished. Therefore, it is worth determining in advance exactly what effect you want to achieve with the final result. How many layers of paint does it require to accurately achieve your idea? In fact, this is how many times it will be necessary to pass the enamel over the surface to obtain the desired saturation and uniformity. As a rule, depending on the characteristics of the chemical composition, no more than three layers are required.

But the given factors are indicative, that is, you should rely on them in order to understand what kind of paint you need to carry out the intended work. In the modern world, chemical production produces a huge number of different models of enamel paint.

Many users who want to improve their home or apartment as much as possible are wondering what is better: film or enamel. In such a dilemma, experts advise choosing the latter, since this coating will not only provide external effectiveness to the decor of a room or any specific part of the room, but will also make the enamel last much longer. If the film tends to detach from the surface, which is facilitated by its reduced adhesiveness, then the paint covers it more densely, so it is more stable. In addition, if you have pets in the house, for example, a cat, this risks causing scratches or even partial peeling on the film. For this reason, enamel is a more reliable substance when decorating certain surfaces.